IMAGI-NATIONS : PART 8.

A  PERIOD OF PEACE.

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In the five years following the War of Independence the UNION experienced a huge surge in economic and industrial growth. During this period the leaders of the army reviewed the future organisation of the army and its equipment and the government considered the UNION's future relationship with the rest of TIAN.

Engineers at the Rock Island Arsenal had  prototyped a new field gun based on the best features of the foreign weapons purchased during the War. The new gun  proved far superior in all respects to those weapons and it entered full production. In addition development of  both a new heavy artillery gun and a heavy towed machine gun had been completed and production started. The UNION companies of Colt, Remington and Winchester had developed  a new  lever action  rifle with a ten round magazine and a six shot revolver both of which had again proven in tests to be far superior to any of the foreign made weapons then used by the army. These new guns also started full scale production. Construction of vehicles and heavy equipment by Studebaker, Abbot Downing and Murphy also continued apace with several new wagon and trailer types entering service.

Additionally the organisation of the army was considered. Originally it had a regimental basis with each army being a self contained force but only capable of operations as a whole. Although this had proven broadly adequate during the War of Independence senior officers realised a different structure was necessary for the future. It was decided to reorganise the army into independent self contained arm of service battalions which would be grouped together into brigades, similar in size to other nations divisions, with four Infantry brigades and one Cavalry brigade forming each army.  ( This revision was implemented in the Woodscrew Army several years ago.) In addition the government created the Army Support Service. This body was formed to provide supporting services to the field armies. Members of this organisation would not only man the Rock Island Arsenal and its associated warehouses of stockpiled weapons, ammunition and equipment but also provide the services needed to operate the various army bases including training of new recruits. It was decided that employment in the Army Support Service would be open only to retired army personnel and those who had left the service after a period of enlistment. By this time  service in the army, although voluntary, had become very popular with young men in the UNION. However, not surprisingly, many did not see army service as a career but were happy to serve for maybe the minimum time of six years. The Army Support Service provided continuity of employment and the opportunity to develop a trade.  Towards the end of this time frame  it was also decided to create a fifth army which would be based at the new Fort Bridger near Tucson, a little north of the border with Mexico.

This decision was prompted by concerns in the UNION government about the situation in Mexico.

For some years a low level insurgency had been going on in Mexico between the government and Arab supported religious terrorists in the south of the country. The terrorists were keen to create a fundamentalist nation in Mexico similar to those in the Arab countries of Syria, Iran and Iraq.  This insurgency had been simmering for a long time but had increased in strength over the past few years. Mexican government troops and police were finding it increasingly difficult to control terrorist activities and the fundamentalists were striking government targets over widening areas of the country and with increasing success. Although at that time the Mexicans had not asked for UNION support, it had been decided to offer, free of charge,  the redundant foreign made military equipment available as a result of re equipment of the UNION army with home produced weapons. This equipment was welcomed by the Mexicans.

The UNION government remained very concerned by the situation in Mexico for other reasons too. It had been realised that following the War of Independence the UNION had no friends amongst other nations in TIAN. Although the UNION could and would remain a self sufficient country it was recognised that Mexico provided a useful pipeline to the rest of the world. To that end the UNION had established its one and only embassy in Mexico City and to support the rather weak Mexican economy had started to import raw materials  despite the UNION being quite self sufficient in all such materials.

In the fall of 1866 the Mexican government finally formally requested UNION assistance in the fight against the fundamentalist terrorists in the south of the country. This request was immediately agreed by the UNION and so started UNION army involvement in Mexico that continues to the present day.

UPDATE.

This weeks update is a bit late in publication as I have remained busy with working in the garden, that said I have had some more playtime too, maybe the week had more hours in it than usual or did we have two Tuesdays ?????? Lockdown syndrome must be setting in !!!!!!!!

Anyway, the Infantry battalion was completed and another is well advanced. The Cavalry upgrade is also moving along well. The horses have been made and the screw soldiers cut ready for mounting which is the next step. Work continues on the upgrade of light and heavy GS trailers and ammunition wagons. It seems the light trailers and ammunition wagons have been finished and there appear to remain just some heavy GS trailers left to do. I will publish final totals of upgrades completed as soon as the exercise is finished.

In the meantime I have been reviewing Pioneer and Field Police battalions and have decided to increase the number of companies in each battalion from 5 to 6, similar to Infantry battalions. With 12 Pioneer battalions in service I will need to build 12 more companies of 44 men each together with some extra medics and signals troops. These will be made in batches of four and the first will commence shortly.  For the three Field Police battalions similar numbers of extra soldiers are needed but additionally each battalion will need another GS wagon with a light GS trailer to maintain the units supply capability.

The next installment of IMAGI-NATIONS will be posted mid week just as soon as I can polish the draft. I do hope these ramblings are of interest to readers, any and all comments are always welcome, even if you think they are nuts !!!!!!! Stay safe.

BOOKS : A VICTORIAN RSM.

This book, which I have had for some years,  was published in 1987 and is an edited copy of the diary of George Loy Smith who was RSM of the 11th Hussars during the Crimea War. That regiment was commanded by Lord Cardigan for 16 years and took part in the Charge of the Light Brigade as did Loy Smith.

The dairy covers the whole of his career from joining up in 1833 as a boy of 16 through service in India, Ireland and England, and of course,  throughout the Crimea campaign, until his retirement shortly thereafter.  At that time he became a Yeoman Warder or Beefeater at the Tower of London.

The book gives fabulous descriptions of service life in India, the activities and events of peacetime soldiering at home and good insights into his infamous commanding officer. Although he thought Cardigan a harsh disciplinarian, he also thought him keen to ensure  the rank and file had no injustice done to them by those in authority over them, an interesting and unexpected observation. He also liked Cardigan's gift for remembering the men's names.

As you might expect much of the book covers the campaign in  the Crimea and the Charge in particular, almost a minute by minute account in fact.  Loy Smith clearly understood he had participated in an historic event and indeed he became President of the Balaclava Commemorative Society after his retirement. The book gives a vivid first hand account of both the voyage to the Crimea and life generally throughout the campaign. He also provides interesting observations on the various battles that he saw as an onlooker. As is well known the Cavalry were largely kept away from the fighting  until of course the Charge.

There is a vast amount of fascinating information on all sorts of subjects and the book is highly recommended to anyone interested in the Crimea War or life in the British army and the Cavalry in particular in the years before that war.

IMAGI-NATIONS ; PART 7.

 THE WAR OF INDEPENDENCE.   THE BATTLE IN THE NORTH AND PEACE.

As negotiations with the Russians for a peace treaty came to a conclusion in June 1861 word reached the UNION government of a French and German expedition moving south into the territory claimed by the UNION in the general direction of Chicago. The UNION government decided the threat had to be met forcefully and therefore deployed the new 3rd and 4th armies to Chicago with instructions to establish a new military base just north of Chicago to be called Fort Kearney. Over the following couple of months UNION forces completed their move north establishing a substantial tented basecamp and sending patrols out to determine the position and strength of the invading force.

In early September UNION patrols located the French and German expedition about 100 miles north east of Chicago and confirmed the force numbered less than 2000 men. Immediately the UNION  3rd army moved forward to intercept the enemy. The UNION commanders realised that sending the whole 3rd army was not necessary, however the structure of the UNION army did not permit deployment of only a part of an army, this clearly was an issue that would require action in the near future. On the morning of 15 September the two forces met in a skirmish which soon developed into a battle. The UNION army hugely outnumbered the French and Germans and quickly routed the invading force taking many prisoners with only a very few survivors fleeing back north.

The French and German governments were outraged by news of the destruction of their expedition and uttered dire threats of retribution. However they knew full well that not only did the UNION now clearly possess a substantial and well equipped army but the distances involved seriously hampered the mounting of a full scale invasion of the UNION. Any French and German invasion force would not only have to be supplied from within their respective countries as their colony just did not have the resources to support such a military expedition but also a railway would be needed.

With that conclusion also came the realisation that their colony may now actually be under threat from the UNION. Such a change in priorities  clearly required a different approach so the two governments sent word to the UNION of their desire for a peace treaty and the establishment of formal borders between the UNION and the French/German colony. The UNION had no desire at that time to expand their territory so accepted the French and German offer. Talks started and quickly agreed a formal border almost precisely along the line proposed by the UNION. The treaty was signed on 1st December 1861 and German and French prisoners were returned.

With the new treaty the borders of the UNION had now been finalised on all frontiers and the existence of the new nation had been begrudgingly recognised. Although the UNION was under no illusions as to the unfriendly relations that now existed with Russia, France and Germany, the War of Independence was over and the UNION could now look forward to a period of dynamic growth and prosperity under the shield of a powerful army.

With that in mind it was decided to construct two more military bases so that each UNION army could be accommodated in a strategically important location. As a result 1st army was located in the original militia training base now to be called Fort Sill outside Rio Diego where it could support 2nd army in Fort Leavenworth facing Ukraine, 3rd army moved to a new base called Fort Reno near Denver supporting  4th army  based in Fort Kearney facing the French and German colony.

In an effort by the French and Germans to strengthen the status of their colony and provide some sort of quasi independence it was now been renamed The Federation and given a  French and German dominated puppet government.

UPDATE.

Our new laptop has arrived and this is my first post using the new machine. Very neat, my wife has set it up and given me basic instructions, I am not of the digital age but this seems much like the old thing. That computer was very old, about 18 years we think and lasted well. This one is much smaller and lighter and does not get hot on the lap !!!!!!!!

This week has been a little more productive on the modelling front despite doing a great deal of work in the garden and workshop. The batch of new GS wagons has been completed and the Infantry battalion is almost finished. Indeed yet another Infantry battalion has been started. In addition I have restarted the Cavalry upgrades, readers may recall I have been increasing the number of squadrons in each Cavalry regiment from 3 to 4. Twelve regiments have been upgraded so far and I an now just starting to build the penultimate 3 squadrons. Of course the upgrading of light and heavy GS trailers and ammunition wagons still continues.

Finally the next chapter of my IMAGI-NATIONS story will be published over the weekend. Well this new computer is definitely better than the ipad or Amazon fire thing, a pleasure to use !!!!

BOOK REVIEW : THE SHORT VICTORIOUS WAR.

As mentioned in a previous post our laptop has expired so I used the iPad to write that last general update post. I now find the iPad will not allow me to add photos to a new post. This post is therefore written on our Amazon Fire. However typing on this device is not easy and I cannot see much of what I have written. A new laptop has been ordered and is supposed to arrive later this week thank goodness. Please excuse any errors as I try to write this book review which will be the last post until the new machine arrives.

This book, published in 1974, is one I have had for many years and recounts the Russian Japanese war of 1904/5. It gives a good general account but with an emphasis on the background with only brief details of the various battles. In fact it is very much in the style of my IMAGI NATIONS posts.  It clearly demonstrates that  the Japanese were lucky that Russia was such a disorganised and chaotic country at that time otherwise there is little doubt they would have lost against the huge resources of their enemy. Overall this is an excellent book, easy to read and if more detail is needed there are plenty of other books that give much more information on the actual campaign.

So with that limited review I shall close this post as eye strain is setting in rapidly !!!!!!

IMAGI-NATIONS : PART 6.

THE WAR OF INDEPENDENCE.  A VICTORY AND A NEW ENEMY.

In late summer 1860 Mexico informed the UNION that continuing efforts to source heavy weapons supplies on behalf of the UNION had secured a large quantity of British artillery with substantial amounts of ammunition. These new supplies enabled the UNION to form another two armies of a similar size to the first two. Training of  yet more recruits in use of the new weapons started immediately. At the same time samples of all the foreign guns were sent to the Rock Island Arsenal for UNION engineers to examine and deconstruct to determine the best features to inform development of a new UNION made weapon. Meanwhile the UNION arms manufacturers of Remington, Colt and Winchester had combined design teams and had produced a new rifle, prototypes of which were supplied to the army for testing. All three companies had also created huge new ammunition manufacturing capabilities. The wagon makers of Studebaker, Murphy and Abbot Downing had also vastly increased production and were now supplying large numbers of wagons to the UNION forces.

At this time conventional military wisdom considered that troops could only be supported by wagons up to 50 miles from a railhead. UNION commanders thought this could be greatly increased by use of sufficient vehicles and strict road management. With this in mind efforts were made by the UNION field army to push substantial bodies of troops far beyond the slowly advancing railhead in Ukraine. These efforts were successful and by having large numbers of wagon convoys moving in parallel across the flat country of northern Ukraine the UNION army moved some 125 miles ahead of railhead. Very early in 1861 the UNION army had advanced to within 50 miles of the Russian railhead quite unbeknown to the Russians.

Although the Russians had deployed a substantial number of troops to their railhead they did not expect a major battle with the UNION at that time as they believed some distance still separated the two sides. The UNION army now had both first and second armies in the field and moved them into positions from which they could  outflank the Russian railhead and launch  assaults on the Russian encampments from two directions simultaneously.

On 1st March 1861 UNION forces launched massive coordinated artillery bombardments on the Russian railhead and surrounding camps while UNION troops seized the Russian railway to the east and using explosives, blasted large sections of track. They then dug in facing eastward. The artillery bombardment of the Russian railhead was followed by infantry assaults from west and south. In heavy fighting with numerous but surprised Russian forces heavy casualties were inflicted on the Russians and much damage caused to railway structures. By the end of the day the Russians had been defeated with heavy losses and the railhead seized. During the next  day all the remaining Russian troops were either captured or killed.

During the battle increasingly frantic messages were sent from railhead to Russian command. As the day wore on it became clear to the Russians that they had suffered yet another defeat. Over the  following days strong patrols were despatched west to determine the exact position of UNION forces. The first reports were depressing. They stated that strong UNION forces were advancing rapidly east using the Russian tracks. The Russians realised that within a matter of weeks if not days UNION troops would be arriving on the Volga and that they did not have time to assemble the strong army they would need to attempt to defeat the UNION on the Ukrainian side of the river. Russian strategy immediately turned to seeking a solution that would prevent a strong UNION military presence on the Volga.

A proposal was sent to the UNION for a truce and peace talks. This was agreed and the UNION advance to the Volga stopped. Negotiations commenced and a deal was made. Basically it was agreed that Ukraine would be demilitarised and both sides would guarantee it's neutrality. The UNION was asked to submit proposals  on a formal border between it and Ukraine. Neither side asked the Ukrainian opinion as neither side was interested in the small rural farming communities in the south. The UNION was keen not to have to permanently maintain thousands of miles of railway with a large military force on the Volga and the Russians were equally keen not to have that UNION presence on the Volga. Neither side had any interest in the thousands of miles of trackless steppe between them either. On 4th July 1861 a treaty was signed, Russian prisoners were repatriated  and both sides started to dismantle the railway tracks from the point of the furthest UNION advance as they retired back to the newly agreed borders. It was agreed each side would have the right to send small military patrols into Ukraine to monitor that the other side was not rebuilding the tracks.

The Russians realised that they had seriously underestimated the new nation in the west and determined never to do so again while they waited an opportunity to secure revenge !!!!! To the UNION the peace agreement came at just the right time as reports were starting to come in of a German/French military movement into the far north of the UNION.

UPDATE.

Yet another week has passed with little achieved on the modelling front. Again most of my time has been spent on painting or working in my workshop building new shelves and drawer units and then actually putting stuff away.

All I have managed is to start the painting of both the  batch of 32 new GS wagons and another new Infantry battalion. Some more upgrades have also been done. 

I thought readers may be interested to know that to date the number of upgrades completed stands at 270 heavy GS trailers, 284 light GS trailers and 153 ammunition wagons. I have now completed the upgrades to my first and second armies. The third army was created with many vehicles already built to the new specification so not too many left to do. Additionally I now have 48,136 soldiers in active service.

I hope visitors to my blog enjoy the IMAGI-NATIONS posts, the next chapter will be published later this week. Please let me have your comments, good or bad, all are welcome. Are these posts interesting or just crap ???

Finally, my laptop has suffered terminal meltdown so this post is created on the iPad, I sure hope it works, stay healthy.

IMAGI-NATIONS : PART 5

   THE WAR OF INDEPENDENCE. THE OPENING BATTLES.

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Whilst the UNION waited for military supplies from Mexico during 1859, the government undertook many initiatives aimed at strengthening the UNION. These activities included the construction of a railway line from Tucson to Mexico City to enable transportation of the awaited supplies and construction of a substantial military base outside Richmond. In addition, the local arms manufacturers of Colt, Remington and Winchester and the wagon manufacturers of Abbot Downing, Murphy and Studebaker were given government contracts requiring substantial expansion of  their factories and output. Manufacturers of clothing were given orders to produce uniforms and food canning factories were approached to create military grade rations and a government arsenal was established at Rock Island near Manhatton to develop the ability to design and construct heavy weapons and specialist military vehicles. A number of mainly British mercenaries had been recruited by Mexico and these ex officers were immediately put to work enhancing the training of the Militia.

Throughout this period patrols were regularly sent both north to watch for French/German encroachment and east to monitor Russian track laying progress. Although there was nothing reported in the north, in the east the Russians were progressing and towards the end of 1859 were only 250 miles from Richmond. It was with great relief that Mexico announced to the UNION in January 1860 that the military supplies had arrived and the UNION took delivery of a substantial number of both German and French artillery weapons with huge quantities of ammunition and a large shipment of British made rifles again with vast amounts of ammunition. These weapons were quickly issued to the Militia and training began. Planning also started on how and where the Militia, now renamed the UNION army should be deployed.

A few words seem appropriate now on the structure of the UNION army. The army was organised at this time on a regimental basis. Each regiment had a number of battalions. There were a total of five Infantry and two Artillery regiments together with a Support regiment containing veterinary, workshop and signals units and a Service regiment with several supply columns. The whole force was commanded by a Headquarters unit. The army was clearly designed to operate as a single entity. ( Just for reference, this structure is the organisation I followed for my original woodscrew army. ) Following  equipment of the army with the new weapons there had remained more than sufficient material to equip another army of similar size so  training was started with that new equipment by the second tranche of fresh recruits  to create that second army.

In April 1860 the first army was considered ready to commence operations and it was decided to send it to attack the Russians, destroy their railroad and throw them back with the objective that the Russians would realise that the UNION was not available for their domination thereby causing them to retreat back to the Volga. The army concentrated at the new base of Fort Leavenworth outside Richmond and commenced the march east towards the Russians. The army, using a newly built railway line from Fort Leavenworth that had been laid east for just under a hundred miles, advanced on the Russian railhead and arrived at the Russian positions on April 29. The UNION commander kept his forces behind a hill just west of the Russian camp and sought a meeting with the Russian commander. An ultimatum was issued at that meeting and the Russians given 12 hours to retreat. The Russian commander telegraphed for instructions and was told the UNION was bluffing and he should dig in and defeat the untrained civilian mob that he was probably facing.

Next morning saw the Russians, numbering about 500 soldiers and the same of construction workers, dug in and ready for a fight. At dawn  the UNION artillery opened a heavy bombardment on the Russians which took them by great surprise and caused many of the construction workers to flee towards the trains then standing at the railhead. UNION infantry attacked and after a short but intense battle captured the Russian camp taking many prisoners. Casualties on both sides were moderate. The Russian trains which had attempted to escape were also captured. During the battle the Russian commander telegraphed to his superiors that he was under artillery bombardment and clearly facing a well equipped and trained army. Immediately the Russian high command despatched two train loads of reinforcements west which were followed 48 hours later by two more train loads of troops. None of these trains carried supplies, vehicles or heavy equipment.

Unfortunately the Russian railroad had been constructed mainly with a view to supporting trading activities and was only single tracked with very few passing loops. In fact only two trains per week had been arriving at the railhead, one with supplies for the troops and construction workers and the other with construction materials.  Even with double crews and 20 hours a day running, stops for fuel and water meant that it took the Russian troop trains seven days to approach the railhead. By this time the UNION army had advanced to the east almost a hundred miles supported by UNION trains operating on the Russian tracks that had by then been connected to the UNION line from Fort Leavenworth. In addition the UNION had started the construction of a second line alongside the original to enhance the capacity of the railway.

The first Russian train was  ambushed many miles before they had expected to meet UNION forces and ten of the 30 carriages were quickly destroyed by UNION artillery fire causing the train to come to a sudden halt.  Russian soldiers leapt from the remaining carriages only to be met with very heavy rifle fire. The second train, which was following only a minute behind the first, was also taken under artillery fire and, unable to stop in time, plowed into the rear carriages of the first train destroying the rear three carriages. Again Russian soldiers leapt from the train to be met with heavy rifle fire and canister shots from artillery. The Russian troops were exhausted by their long journey, shocked by the artillery bombardment and the heavy casualties around them and quickly surrendered in large groups. The casualties amongst the Russians were huge and UNION medical staff were swamped with tending to  hundreds of wounded Russians. Only two days later and another 50 miles further east the second pair of Russian troop trains met the same fate. Both trains were hit by UNION artillery fire from concealed batteries and again came to a sudden stop . The exhausted detraining troops again came under very heavy fire and resistance collapsed within minutes after  severe casualties.

Word of the disasters soon reached the Russian command and they realised that they were facing a substantial enemy and  only an organised build up of troops and heavy equipment would give any chance of victory. They immediately started to build from the Volga crossing a second line to their railway. The upshot was that both sides commenced a race towards each other as they each constructed a double track railway across the vastness of Ukraine. Over the next few months hostilities were restricted to a few skirmishes between opposing scouts monitoring the others sides progress.

BOOK REVIEW : INFANTRY ATTACKS.

This is a new book recently purchased from The Works very cheaply. It was originally written in 1938 by the famous Erwin Rommel and is based on the authors experiences as a junior infantry officer in the First World War.

This is a great book giving interesting and exciting accounts of small unit combat in France, Romania and Italy. It is extraordinary that the author actually survived the war given the situations he experienced and the wounds he suffered. However it is also very clear why Rommel became such a great General in the Second World War as his grasp of tactics, appreciation of his enemy and understanding of the battlefield are outstanding. 

Overall a highly recommended book not just from a historic perspective but also for the insight into real combat tactics by a highly talented officer.

UPDATE.

Once again this weeks modelling activities have been rather limited due to ongoing decorating as mandated by my wife. The kitchen has  now been painted in preparation for the re-fit due in April. However with the virus shutdown I see no chance of this happening before late summer at best. The bathroom renovations are now due to follow the kitchen so they too will be delayed. That said just surviving the virus will be a bonus so I am not complaining !!!!!! Anyway this week I have completed a batch of new GS wagons which now await painting as shown below.

I have completed another batch of light and heavy GS trailer upgrades together with finishing six more new Heavy Weapons companies needed to upgrade existing Infantry battalions. I will be spending time in my workshop next week building a new set of storage units that I promised myself months ago so I hope that later in the week I will get more modelling time and make a bit more progress.

Hope my readers are coping with the shutdown ok, please stay well.

IMAGI-NATIONS : PART 4.

THE FOUNDING OF A NEW NATION.

By 1852  Russian civilisation had advanced to the Volga river. Like all rivers in TIAN it is very broad, over two miles in places, fairly shallow but with a very powerful current. The Russian advance had been facilitated by construction of a railway, in effect Russian control had followed the tracks. The Russians were well aware of the small farming settlements in the south of Ukraine and fully intended to establish some form of control over the Ukrainian people. However, of far greater interest to them were the stories of a rich, rapidly developing land further to the west. They decided to continue their westward expansion and constructed, with great difficulty, a bridge over the Volga and continued track laying to the west. At the same time small army patrols were sent on the long trek to the south to establish some form of loose control over the settlements in the south of Ukraine.

Much like the Russians, the French and Germans had also become very aware of the rapid development of the new people to the south of their colony and were much attracted to this new rich territory which seemed to offer so much more than their own, rather backward, rural colony.

By 1852 in the new territories, development was rapid but proceeding with no central control. Each community did as it pleased. Railways and roads were built only to meet local interests, goods and machinery were imported , mostly via Mexico, just to meet immediate needs and factories were built catering for local wants only without the benefits from mass production.That said most communities had instituted some form of local government based on universal franchise and  were electing a Mayor to lead civic development, a Judge to dispense law and a Sheriff to enforce basic laws of which there were many variations. However a number of prominent people across the land were now realising that some form of central government, indeed the founding of a nation, was urgently needed not only to make the best use  of the country and its riches for the people but also to forestall the rumours frequently now being heard of Russian and French/German interest in the new territory and the risks that represented to the independence of the people.

These leading citizens  agreed to form a committee to consider a way forward which would include representatives of as many of the various communities as possible. Each community was invited to send a representative to a Congress to discuss a way forward for the common good. The Congress met and it was soon demonstrated that the founding of a new, united nation, would be in the best interests of all. Much discussion followed with many sub committees being formed to consider specific questions pertaining to the founding of a new nation. In 1855 a draft Constitution was agreed which would create a new nation to be called THE UNION. A new capital city, called Rio Diego, was laid out just north of Manhattan, the biggest city at that time , and a national flag was designed based on a blue field representing the sky with a single white star in the first hoist area representing a single united nation under that sky. A  referendum was held throughout the land by all the communities and by an overwhelming majority the Constitution was agreed. The Congress immediately made A Declaration of Independence and THE UNION was created on 4 July 1856.

The basic system of Government instituted consisted of a representative being elected every five years from each community or group of small communities to a Congress. Local communities were renamed Districts and reorganised in terms of population to ensure equal representation for all. The members of that Congress would  choose one of their number to be President for a period of 5 years. The President would then form an executive and use the newly established civil service to create a government. The national government would be represented in all its departments in a Federal building in the main town or city of each community. Local government would continue much as before with an elected Mayor to manage local affairs including the law via a District Sheriff. Judges for each Districts were  appointed by an Attorney General who would lead a government Justice Department. Many of the existing judges were confirmed in their existing positions.

It was resolved to form a part time citizens Militia to defend the new nation. Gun ownership was universal in the new UNION although prior military service was unheard of in that generation. The new Militia was founded in battalions based on each new Federal building and volunteers sought, who after joining up, elected their own officers who were then commissioned by Congress. These new officers were actively encouraged to deeply study their new calling. A Federal Marshals service was also formed to provide both a national police force but also to provide security services to the UNION. More information on the Militia will be provided in the next post "The War of Independence."

Following the inauguration of the new UNION government, another of the early priorities agreed was to formally establish as far as possible the borders of the new nation. Mexico was the first country to be approached and with the friendly relations that already existed  at a local level these negotiations quickly concluded a formal border agreement based as before on the Rio Grande River.  Negotiations with the Chinese government were more difficult but a border was eventually established centrally in the mountain pass between the two countries. The attempt to negotiate a border with the French and Germans totally failed to agree any solution due to the French and German refusal to recognise the new UNION. In fact they claimed that all the country to the south of their colony was free land open to all, especially the French and Germans !!!!!! This created a strong sense of alarm in the UNION and prompted a redoubling of efforts to establish the Militia. A delegation was dispatched on the long journey to the Ukraine to seek agreement on a border. The delegation was astonished to find within only four  hundred miles of the UNION town of Richmond a Russian railhead with hundreds of workers and a Russian army detachment. Attempts to open negotiations failed totally with the Russians claiming also that the land to the west was open to all and they absolutely refused to recognise the UNION as a nation. The delegation returned as fast as possible and work on the new Militia took on an even greater urgency.

By this time, mid summer 1858, it was clear to the UNION government that the new nation faced a battle possibly on two fronts to maintain its existence.  Militia recruitment and training had progressed well but it was clear that substantial quantities of weapons especially artillery would be needed together with much greater supplies of ammunition than could be made in the existing small munitions factories operated by the companies of Winchester, Remington and Colt. With the major international weapons manufacturers being in Germany, France, Russia, China and Britain it was clear the UNION would have little chance of purchasing the weapons it needed. Approaches were made to the Mexican government for assistance. The Mexicans had little weapons production capacity but were more than willing to make purchases overseas secretly on behalf of the UNION. Thus was born the close future relationship between the UNION and Mexico. Contracts were placed for rifles, pistols and artillery together with ammunition for all.  In addition the Mexicans sought out foreign mercenaries to provide military expertise to help train the UNION Militia for the upcoming battles.

It only remained for the UNION to hope that the military supplies would arrive before the Russians reached Richmond or  the French and Germans decided to march south or maybe even both.

UPDATE.

Once again not too much to report this week as I am involved in still more decorating. Work has now moved to the kitchen to prepare it for re-fitting as the date approaches for the fitters to arrive. That said with the onset of the virus I have no idea if the fitting will actually take place. On that matter we have now hunkered down to ride it out. Good luck to all.
With regards to modelling I have almost completed the batch of 32 new GS wagons. Work continues still on upgrading light and heavy GS trailers and ammunition wagons. Another new Infantry battalion has been completed and work has started on another set of new heavy weapons companies to bring existing Infantry battalions up to the new scheduled strength.
There will be no book review this week for the simple reason that I have not finished reading the latest volume.  Later today I will publish the next installment of my IMAGI-NATIONS story, I hope it is of interest, please let me have comments, good or bad, it all helps.

IMAGI-NATIONS : PART 3.

 EARLY CIVILISATION AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF NATIONS.

In the 1890s of my world, scientists have yet to fully understand the  origins of the human species. All that is known is that civilisation largely developed around the northern shores of the Inland Sea. That said early seafarers, mainly from Britain, did discover  civilisations in Russia to the west and China to the south. Generally speaking however the vast central area of the continent  remained unoccupied and unexplored. Britain, as the only island in the Inland Sea, has always been by far the dominant maritime nation. Over the centuries the various Inland Sea coastal civilisations moved eastward to the north of the Rocky Mountains and developed a number of unique national identities.

However over the past several hundred years there has been a great deal of religious persecution in many of these nations. This  prompted a number of emigrations by various peoples over the years to some of the unexplored  regions of the continent in order to establish new nations free from the old ways. Each of these new nations has developed a unique way of life reflecting both their aspirations and the characteristics of their original civilisation.

The very first of the new countries founded by migrants from the north was Mexico. The people mostly came from Spain and initially settled along the coast. However over the years as they expanded inland they came into contact with a new civilisation, previously unknown, in the north west. These new people, the Arabs, and the Mexicans each found the other disagreeable and quickly established borders to keep themselves apart. Some years later the British started to establish trading posts and maritime support bases along the coasts of India and Africa in support of their discovery of  a new huge unpopulated island they called Australia. This island proved to have vast natural resources and prompted the British to start the colonisation of the island.

The other very early new nation was Ukraine to the far west of Russia. This nation was founded yet again by migrants seeking to escape persecution in Russia. However they came in very small numbers and travelled thousands of miles eventually settling in the south where they found rich agricultural lands  far away from the influence of Russia. Somewhat later explorers from both France and Germany moved, with great difficulty, across the River Rhine and found a seemingly endless land stretching away to the east and south. Very slowly over the years a thinly populated farming community developed across the north of this area in an easterly direction. Over those years the area became known as a sort of colony of France and Germany with the people seeing themselves more as citizens of those countries rather than having an identity of their own. Throughout those years however the huge lands to the south remained unexplored and unoccupied.

Around two hundred years ago a convoy of British settlers bound for Australia were shipwrecked on the coast of the Southern Sea about half way between Mexico and Ukraine. Most of the settlers survived and with the stores and materials recovered from the wrecked ships were able to establish a substantial settlement in the rich farming lands near present day Miami. Over the following years the settlements grew and were supplemented by many additional British and even some other migrants from the counties round the Inland Sea. These new communities flourished and rapidly spread north , fanning out into vast tracts of exceedingly rich country with an  abundance of natural resources. Over time the population focus moved north and many new towns and cities were established far from the coast which became a sort of backwater. A  population explosion began in this rich land and industrial development started. After a period of about 150 years a sense of national identity was growing rapidly and the first moves began to establish a nation and firm up the borders with neighbouring countries.

As development moved north, links with Britain faded and the new nation became increasingly self sufficient and isolationist. This coincided with contact being established with the Mexicans who had retained their links to the rest of the world and offered the possibility of  limited trading opportunities. Cordial relations were established and a border was locally agreed along the Rio Grande River. Limited contact was also established with Ukraine  although a formal border was not established as neither side found the border region worthy of development to any large degree as the area was mostly scrubland and  arid. Further north contact was briefly made with China in a pass through the Rocky Mountains. Neither side found the other agreeable and tensions quickly arose,  both sides quickly deciding independently to avoid settlement anywhere near the other. Finally contact was established in the far north with the French/German colony. Yet again the two sides soon developed a mutual hostility based mostly on the French and Germans resenting the establishment of a potentially dynamic new nation so close to their somewhat underdeveloped colony. No   agreement on a border was made and again both sides decided separately to discourage settlement anywhere near the other.

So the scene is set for the next chapter which will see the formal establishment of a new nation and the approach of the War of Independence. If you have read this far, please let me have your comments, is this going the right way for you to want to read more ????

BOOK REVIEW : THE WAR. VOLUME TWO.

This is of course the second half of the letters of William Russell, the Times correspondent, on the Crimea War. The book, which covers the period after the death of Lord Raglan to the evacuation,  is not quite as interesting as the first volume. That reflects more the comparative lack of action during the period in question rather than any failure by the author. There are however a number of interesting discussions of various issues including the current, at that time, debate on the possible abolition of promotion by purchase and preparations for the evacuation. What is clear is that the peace agreement was a good result for the Russians. The Allies  had had enough by then and were pleased to be rid of the war. Russell laments the missed opportunities during the war for inflicting heavy defeats on the Russians, his views obviously coming from conversations with senior officers. Overall a good book if only for clearly illustrating the poor quality of the British Army high command of the time.

UPDATE.

My update this week is a bit limited. Most of my time has been spent working to fix the problems in our cloakroom left by the sacked plumber. We have another man coming to do the work on the other two bathrooms next month however I thought I would do as much as possible in the cloakroom just to prove to myself that our standards are not excessively high. This I have done !!!!! The new man certainly did not think we were asking too much which is encouraging.

On the modelling front, work continues on the latest Infantry battalion and upgrading of ammunition wagons, light GS trailers and heavy GS trailers. The batch of 42 new light GS trailers have been completed and the vehicles issued to units. This week I have started a batch of new GS wagons.
I have done a fair bit of blogging over the week including publishing the first two installments of my Imagi-Nations story which include my excellent map of which I am very proud. I now have a printed version of the map to A3 size framed on the wall, it looks good. The next installment will be published over the weekend.

IMAGI-NATIONS : PART 2.

MY WORLD MAP.

It is important for the reader to understand at the outset that my imagination only goes so far therefore most of the names of countries, mountains, rivers, towns and cities in my world will be very familiar. I do not rule out that one day I may invent new names but for now I have used names that appeal to me, it's my world after all. It will also be clear on which real country my nation is founded, no apologies, it's a country with which I have close personal links and the history of which has always been of great interest to me.

My map has been created for me by Greg Shipp of "gshipp@lostinmaps.co.uk". Greg is a UK based professional cartographer. He has taken my crude sketches and ideas and turned them into , I believe, a work of art. Greg has proven himself to be constructive, cooperative, patient and a pleasure to work with over the past couple of months as together we turned my fantasy into reality.  I could not be more happy with the result. I have to say at this point that the map is subject to copyright and may not be copied without permission, it may only be viewed on this blog. That said I intend to include the map at the beginning of all future posts of  IMAGI-NATIONS to facilitate the readers understanding of the geography under discussion. 

My world is called TIAN. This is a Chinese word meaning heaven, which of course it is to me !!!!! The word was suggested by my wife and is also an anagram of her name, so the best of all worlds really. !!!!! 
The map represents my world today, that is 7 March 1890. Therefore the reader must realise that when discussing historic events in TIAN the map may not reflect the exact geography of the past. In that event I will explain. So without more comment, here it is...........

IMAGI-NATIONS : PART 1.

MY  PLANET, ITS GEOLOGY AND TECHNOLOGY.

Since the opening of my correspondence last year with Mark of the  ManofTin blog and his introduction to me of a wide range of interesting blogs, I have come across Imagi-Nations as a format for wargaming. Arrogantly it never occurred to me that other people may also create  imaginary countries for their wargaming and modelling, I genuinely thought I was alone in this sort of activity, who else could be that weird ????? It is a great relief to find that I am neither alone nor weird  but in fact share a common interest with many other like minded people.  That said I do have an imaginary world rather than just nations, indeed, my world even has unique geology. It occurred to me that others may be interested in the world that my armies inhabit, their battles and enemies. This idea has separately also been suggested to me by Ian Dury who gave me several ideas for various topics I could write about. Therefore with that encouragement this is the first of a series of posts which will detail my world and my armies adventures in it which will commence by outlining the special geological and technical features of my planet.

In a parallel universe exists a planet broadly similar to Earth but with several significant differences. Not least of these is that the landmass is all together in one mega continent with only a few  islands. (Apparently this is very common for Imagi Nation worlds !!!!).  There are only a few  major rivers but although they are shallow in many places they are  broad  with powerful flows  making them very difficult to bridge and more or less inaccessible for ships to sail on. The mountains are much higher than on Earth, over 40,000 feet in many cases making them physically impassable over long distances. Lastly, the processes that have created oil and natural gas on Earth have not occurred on my planet, leaving only vast deposits of coal, which is therefore the only source of energy.

In most respects my planet has evolved in the same way as  Earth and has now reached the equivalent of the 1890's on Earth. At this time however, progress has slowed in some areas. My planet's development is firmly harnessed to the horse and steam train as the only forms of transportation and apart from the very earliest experiments in coal fired steam generation of electricity, the future holds no prospect of an Earth like oil based revolution. Small quantities of oil for lubrication purposes and a little gas are becoming available as by products from steaming of coal for the production of coke for iron smelting but these are still very infant technologies. However, radio technology has advanced a little faster than on Earth and is at a level similar to that on Earth in 1918. In addition the telephone and telegraph are in widespread use and general industrial capabilities are very close to those on earth in the 1890s.

The next post will include a map and discuss the general history of my civilisation , the characteristics of the various nations, their  history and  relationships with each other. If you have any questions or comments on the above please let me know, it may well help to inform my future offerings.

BOOK REVIEW : THE WAR. VOLUME ONE.

The wonderful book was found, very cheaply priced, on an antiques stall at a Christmas fair last December. It is a first edition from 1855 in excellent condition and is now the oldest book in my library. The war in question is the Crimea War. Many will know that this war was the first to be covered in depth by a newspaper journalist namely William Russell of the Times. His reports alerted the public in England to the appalling conditions of the British forces in the Crimea and prompted the adventures of  Florence Nightingale as well as a public clamor for better Government support for the Army. This book is a compilation of all Russell's letters to the Times from the embarkation of the British forces in March 1854 until the death of the commander in chief, Lord Raglan, in June 1855. Part two of the book covers the subsequent period until the departure from the Crimea of the last British troops in 1856. Following my discovery of the first edition, I searched online for part two and found it as a reprint, there being no sign of an original copy, this of course I have purchased.

It is clear from Russell's letters, which form this book, that he did not have any military education however he was very observant and clear minded and quickly realised that the British Army authorities had no idea of logistics. On only page 6 he made his first criticism of the arrangements for feeding the troops as they arrived in Malta on their journey to The Crimea. In fact no arrangements had been made with the result that thousands of troops landed only to find that the island's resources were totally insufficient to feed so many. The same situation prevailed on arrival in Crimea in that although ship loads of supplies had by then caught up, there were no means  to move the supplies from the ships up to the troops. Additionally Russell also criticised the authorities for the dreadful lack of care for the wounded and sick. These failings continued for several months until public pressure in England forced the authorities to act.

Russell's descriptions of the fighting and early battles are typical of a non military man observing from a distance. If you want detailed  reports of the fighting you should look elsewhere however his writings on  the activities in the rear areas are exceedingly good and give a real understanding of the conditions under which the troops lived , fought and died. He also demonstrates a strong appreciation of strategy and bemoans the lack of strategic insight by the Generals as evidenced not least by The Charge of the Light Brigade.

The book proves beyond doubt that both the Army command and the War Office had no grasp of logistics, the idea seemingly being that just loading  large quantities of supplies on ships and dispatching them to the Crimea was all that was needed. No thought was given to providing labour to unload ships, storage facilities or vehicles/horses to transport the supplies to the troops nor even to providing officers skilled in such activities. The British Army of 1854 was wholly focused on smart uniforms, shiny cavalry horses and glory rather than the provision during a campaign of accommodation for man and horse or food for either. One can only assume that the logistical knowledge that must have existed in the army from the Napoleonic wars had been forgotten or perhaps perhaps more likely the study of logistics was not seen as a glamorous enough calling for officers of that time. What ever the reason, as usual, it was the soldiers who paid the price for the authorities failure to address logistics correctly.

Overall an excellent book and a great addition to my library, I am looking forward to reading part 2.

UPDATE.

Due to continued issues with the planned renovation of our bathrooms I have not had too much modelling time over the past week. We have now found a new contractor to do the work but he can not start for another month at least so we just have to keep waiting.

That said I have constructed a new batch of 42 light GS trailers and will commence painting this week. In addition yet another new Infantry battalion is in course of painting and the upgrading programme for existing ammunition wagons, light GS trailers and heavy GS trailers is continuing.
The most exciting event, for me at least, is that my IMAGI-NATIONS map has been completed. I am very pleased indeed with the results. I have had a paper version printed and am awaiting delivery of a custom picture frame for my study wall. Therefore I will very shortly start publishing a new series of posts on my IMAGI-NATION which I hope may be of interest to readers of this blog.